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A block of PHP code that has a name and it has a property that it is reusable it can be executed from as many different points in a PHP Program as required. Also known as a method (if it is inside a class). Most Joomla code is inside functions/methods.
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Layout Override
Files that gives you control over the display of modules or components.
Override files are placed in special folders and can be used in place of the standard layout files. Unlike Template Overrides, which override layout files of the same name, Layout Overrides are additional layout files that give you more options and control.
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a protocol designed to access directory systems over TCP/IP. Because of this various databases provide an LDAP interface such as Microsoft's Active Directory, Novell's eDirectory, as well as more dedicated LDAP solutions such as OpenLDAP.
Joomla! has had a native LDAP library (joomla.client.ldap (changed to JClientLDAP in Joomla 3.x)) and a native LDAP authentication plugin. This allows Joomla! to authenticate against LDAP systems out of the box: to configure, go to the Plugin Manager and enable and edit the Authentication - LDAP plugin.
You can also read a tutorial on getting started from scratch with LDAP.
Reference: http://docs.joomla.org/Glossary