Languages are perhaps the most basic and critical extension type. Languages are packaged as either a core language pack or an extension language pack. These packages consist of INI files which contain key/value pairs. These key/value pairs provide the translation of static text strings within Joomla! source code. This allows both the Joomla! core and third party components and modules to be internationalised. Core language packs also include an XML meta file describing the language and providing information about the fonts to use for PDF content generation.

Reference: http://docs.joomla.org/Glossary

The database table prefix is a string (a few characters long) prepended to the name of Joomla!'s tables. Using a prefix enables you to run multiple installations of Joomla! using a single database.

The database table prefix can be set during installation. Changing it later is possible, but requires access to the database through a non-Joomla medium or a Joomla Extension such as Akeeba Admin Tools and will cause some downtime.

Extension developers need to use the string #__ to represent the prefix. This will be replaced by the real prefix during runtime by Joomla.

Reference: http://docs.joomla.org/Glossary

Programming technique based on using classes, objects, and methods - an approach to designing modular reusable software systems. Joomla is based on OOP. Solid understanding on OOP is a key plus when working with Joomla programs.

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