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In Joomla, a program that associates a path (URL) with internal Joomla queries. Normally a router contains two methods, build() and parse(). The build() method takes an array of commands and returns a JURI object. The parse() method reverses this and turns a JURI object into an array of commands.
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Patch
The term patch file is used for two different file types. The term patch file is sometimes used to refer to archive files that allow you to upgrade from one Joomla! version to another (for example, from version 1.0.0 to version 1.0.7). These upgrade files are also referred to as upgrade packages.
The other meaning for a patch file is a file created by source code version control software -- for example, Subversion or SVN, which is used for the Joomla! source code. This type of patch file contains instructions for changing the contents of one or more source code files. The SVN software reads the patch file and then can automatically change the source code of the files being patched.
Patch files are used by the Bug Squad to test proposed bug fixes. They can also be used to contribute proposed new features to the version under development.
For more information about the structure of SVN patch files, read Learn more about patch files.
GPL
Stands for General public license. The most widespread such license is the GNU General Public License, GNU GPL or GPL for short. This software license is available in differrent versions and used by Joomla and many other FOSS projects. Joomla is licensed under GPL2 now.